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[177] Citation: Abstract
Mechanical testing of abdominal organs has a profound impact on surgical simulation
and surgical robotics development. Due to the nonlinear and viscoelastic nature of soft
tissue it is crucial to test them in surgically relevant ranges of applied force,
deformation, and duration for incorporating haptic realism into surgical simulators
and for safe operation of surgical robots. In order to determine these ranges, a system
known as the Blue DRAGON was used to track the motions and the forces applied to surgical
tools during live procedures for quantifying how surgeons typically perform a minimally
invasive surgical procedure. Thirty-one surgeons of varying skill were recorded performing
three different surgical tasks. Grasping force (as applied to the tool handles) and handle
angle for each tool were the signals of interest among 26 channels total acquired by the
system in real time. These data were analyzed for their magnitudes and frequency content.
Using the tool contact state, an algorithm selected tissue grasps to analyze measures during
grasps only, as well as obtain grasp durations. The mean force applied to the tool handles
during tissue grasps was 8.52 N ± 2.77 N; maximum force was 68.17 N. Ninety-five percent of
the handle angle frequency content was below 1.98 Hz ± 0.98 Hz. Average grasp time was
2.29 s ± 1.65 s, and 95% of all grasps were held for 8.86 s ± 7.06 s or less. The average
maximum grasp time during these tasks was 13.37 s ± 11.42 s. These results form the basis
for determining how abdominal tissues are to be mechanically tested in ranges and durations
of force and deformation that are surgically realistic. Additionally, this information may
serve as design specifications for new surgical robots or haptic simulators.
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Updated: Tue Jul 15 23:54:51 2008
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